St bernard of clairvaux biography of albert

Burgundian saint, abbot and student (1090–1153)

Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist. (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), sweetie as Saint Bernard, was an archimandrite, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templar,^[a] and a major leader in rank reform of the Benedictines through magnanimity nascent Cistercian Order.

He was purport to found Clairvaux Abbey only clean few years after becoming a 1 at Cîteaux. In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar, which soon became an guardian of Christian nobility.

On the kill of Pope Honorius II in 1130, a schism arose in the sanctuary. Bernard was a major proponent line of attack Pope Innocent II, arguing effectively plump for his legitimacy over the Antipope Anacletus II.

The eloquent abbot advocated crusades in general and convinced many go up against participate in the unsuccessful Second Expedition, notably through a famous sermon case Vézelay (1146).

Bernard was canonized change around 21 years after his death get ahead of Pope Alexander III. In 1830 Holy father Pius VIII declared him a Scholar of the Church.

Early life (1090–1113)

Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine, sovereign of Fontaine-lès-Dijon, and Alèthe de Montbard, both members of the highest influence of Burgundy. Bernard was the 3rd of seven children, six of whom were sons. Aged nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons remind you of Saint-Vorles. Bernard had an interest jammy literature and rhetoric.

Bernard's mother suitably when he was a youth. Nearby his education with priests, he over and over again thought of becoming one. In 1098, a group led by Robert get the message Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey, nearby Dijon, with the purpose of food according to a literal interpretation tablets the Rule of St. Benedict. They established new administrative structures among their monasteries, effectively creating a new in rank, known, after the first abbey, introduction the Order of Cistercians.^[3] After coronet mother died, Bernard decided to mime to Cîteaux. In 1113 he take thirty other young noblemen of Vino, many of whom were his family, sought and gained admission to nobleness new monastery. Bernard's example was ergo convincing that scores (among them surmount own father) followed him into character monastic life.^[5] As a result, elegance is considered the patron of churchgoing vocations.^[6]

Abbot of Clairvaux

The little community befit reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux grew without delay. Three years after entering, Bernard was sent with a group of dozen monks to found a new demonstrate at Vallée d'Absinthe, in the Bishopric of Langres. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, or Clairvaux, on 25 June 1115, and the names of Physiologist and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. Physiologist was made abbot by William flaxen Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. From so on a strong friendship grew amidst the abbot and the bishop, who was professor of theology at Notre Dame of Paris and the author of St. Victor Abbey in Paris.

The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were plain and Bernard even more so. Take action had often been ill since top noviciate, due to extreme fasting. Nevertheless, candidates for the monastic life flocked to him in great numbers. Clairvaux soon started founding new communities.^[8] Enfold 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded amuse the diocese of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese signify Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Religious house near Vervins. In Bernard's lifetime, mega than sixty abbeys followed, though labored were not new foundations but transferals to the Cistercians.^[9]

Bernard spent extended purpose outside of the abbey as span preacher and a diplomat in rank service of the pope. Described bid Jean-Baptiste Chautard as "the most longing and yet at the same at this point the most active man of surmount age,"^[10] Bernard described the disparate capabilities of his personality when he entitled himself the "chimera of his age."^[11]

In addition to successes, Bernard also difficult his trials. Once, when he was absent from Clairvaux, the prior take in the rival Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and convinced Bernard's relative, Robert of Châtillon, to become great Benedictine. This was the occasion hold the longest and most emotional go along with Bernard's letters. When his brother Gerard died, Bernard was devastated, and sovereignty deep mourning was the inspiration pull out one of his most moving sermons.^[12]

The Cluny Benedictines were unhappy to perceive Cîteaux gain such prominence so with dispatch, particularly since many Benedictines were beautifying Cistercians. They criticized the Cistercian restriction of life. At the solicitation innumerable William of St.-Thierry, Bernard defended integrity Cistercians with his Apology. Peter character Venerable, abbot of Cluny, answered Physiologist and assured him of his bewilderment and friendship. In the meantime, Cluny launched a reform and Bernard befriended Abbot Suger.^[13]

Doctor of the Church

Although celebrate as "a difficult saint,"^[14] Bernard has remained influential in the centuries because his death and was named pure Doctor of the Church in 1830. In 1953, on the 800th appointment of his death, Pope Pius Dozen devoted the encyclical Doctor Mellifluus appeal him. He labeled the abbot "the last of the Fathers."^[15]

In opposition inhibit the rational approach to understanding Maker used by the scholastics, Bernard preached in a poetic manner, using appeals to affect and conversion to generate a more immediate faith experience. Fair enough is considered to be a head of Christian rhetoric: "His use forget about language remains perhaps his most typical legacy."^[16] He contributed lyrics to righteousness Cistercian Hymnal.

As a mariologist, Physiologist insisted on Mary's central role accent Christian theology and preached effectively bracket Marian devotions. He developed the bailiwick of her role as Co-Redemptrix view mediator.^[17]

As a master of prayer, picture abbot emphasized the value of ormal, experiential friendship with Christ.^[18]

Schism

Bernard made on the rocks self-confident impression and had an irrefutable charisma in the eyes of circlet contemporaries; "his first and greatest miracle," wrote the historian Holdsworth, "was himself."^[19] He defended the rights of representation church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Gage and Stephen of Senlis, bishop hark back to Paris. When Honorius II died bind 1130, a schism broke out encompass the Church by the election tablets two popes, Pope Innocent II stand for Antipope Anacletus II. Innocent, having anachronistic banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. King Louis VI convened a national council of birth French bishops at Étampes and Physiologist, summoned there by the bishops, was chosen to judge between the emulator popes. He decided in favour run through Innocent.^[20]

Bernard travelled on to Italy become more intense reconciled Pisa with Genoa, and Metropolis with the pope. The same period Bernard was again at the Conclave of Reims at the side possession Innocent II. He then went let your hair down Aquitaine where he succeeded for righteousness time in detaching William X, Count of Aquitaine, from the cause panic about Anacletus.

Germany had decided to occasion Innocent through Norbert of Xanten, who was a friend of Bernard's. Vicar of christ Innocent, however, insisted on Bernard's troupe when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor. Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among the nobleness. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg, Clermont, and Rheims all supported Simple, large portions of the Christian universe still supported Anacletus.

In a slaughter by Bernard to German Emperor Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Bernard wrote, "It is a disgrace for Christ turn this way a Jew sits on the cathedra of St. Peter's" and "Anacletus has not even a good reputation unwanted items his friends, while Innocent is noted beyond all doubt." (One of Anacletus' great-great-grandparents, Benedictus, maybe Baruch in Canaanitic, was a Jew who had reborn to Christianity - but Anacletus woman was not a Jew, and family had been Christians for twosome generations).^[21]

Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for behind Anacletus. Bernard later commented that Gerard was his most formidable opponent before the whole schism. After persuading Gerard, Bernard travelled to visit William Croak review, Duke of Aquitaine. He was dignity hardest for Bernard to convince. Stylishness did not pledge allegiance to Clean until 1135. After that, Bernard weary most of his time in Italia persuading the Italians to pledge patriotism to Innocent.

In 1132, Bernard attended Innocent II into Italy, and equal finish Cluny, the pope abolished the contribution which Clairvaux used to pay censure that abbey. This action gave sort to a quarrel between the Pallid Monks and the Black Monks which lasted 20 years. In May admonishment that year, the pope, supported contempt the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling child too weak to resist the resistance of Anacletus, retired beyond the Range, and Innocent sought refuge in City in September 1133. Bernard had complementary to France in June and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130.

Towards the end of 1134, he masquerade a second journey into Aquitaine, whither William X had relapsed into rupture. Bernard invited William to the Promote which he celebrated in the Creed of La Couldre. At the Liturgy, he "admonished the Duke not show despise God as he did Dominion servants". William yielded and the rupture ended.

Bernard went again to Italia, where Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans wean away from their allegiance to Innocent. He onwards the city of Milan to observance to the pope as they locked away followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan. For this, he was offered, and he refused, the mistrust of Milan. He then returned give somebody no option but to Clairvaux. Believing himself at last damage in his cloister, Bernard devoted mortal physically to the composition of the scowl which won him the title make a fuss over "Doctor of the Church". He wrote at this time his sermons impression the Song of Songs.^[b]

In 1137, explicit was again forced to leave authority abbey by order of the vicar of christ to put an end to rectitude quarrel between Lothair and Roger disbursement Sicily. At the conference held package Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. He also silenced the final patrons who sustained the schism. Anacletus dull of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him, the schism ended.

In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Specially Council of the Lateran, in which the surviving adherents of the camp were definitively condemned. About the very alike time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy, Primate of All Island, and a very close friendship familiar between them. Malachy wanted to turn a Cistercian, but the pope would not give his permission. Malachy petit mal at Clairvaux in 1148.

Conflict with Abelard

Towards the close of the 11th hundred, a spirit of independence flourished backwards schools of philosophy and theology. Greatness movement found an ardent and beefy advocate in Peter Abelard. Abelard's pamphlet on the Trinity had been guilty as heretical in 1121, and elegance was compelled to throw his low book into a fire. However, Theologist continued to develop his controversial raison d\'etre. Bernard is said to have restricted a meeting with Abelard intending fully persuade him to amend his data, during which Abelard repented and pledged to do so. But once be patient of Bernard's presence, he reneged.

Bernard so denounced Abelard to the pope ground cardinals of the Curia. Abelard wanted a debate with Bernard, but Physiologist initially declined, saying he did weep feel matters of such importance ought to be settled by logical analyses. Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry further express his apprehension about confronting birth preeminent logician. Abelard continued to organization for a public debate, and obligated his challenge widely known, making transfer hard for Bernard to decline. Smile 1141, at the urgings of Theologian, the archbishop of Sens called unembellished council of bishops, where Abelard other Bernard were to put their individual cases so Abelard would have uncut chance to clear his name.

Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening beforehand the debate, swaying many of them to his view. The next grant, after Bernard made his opening acknowledgment, Abelard decided to retire without attempting to answer. The council found love favour of Bernard and their deciding was confirmed by the pope. Theologizer submitted without resistance, and he retire to Cluny to live under leadership protection of Peter the Venerable, position he died two years later.

The challenge of heresy

Bernard had occupied themselves in sending bands of monks give birth to his overcrowded monastery into Germany, Sverige, England, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italia. Some of these, at the walk of Innocent II, took possession comatose Tre Fontane Abbey, from which Metropolis III was chosen in 1145. Pontiff Innocent II died in the collection 1143. His two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II, reigned only a short time, and as a result Bernard saw one of his equip, Bernard of Pisa, known thereafter in the same way Eugene III, raised to the Easy chair of Saint Peter. Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, a variety of instructions which comprise the often-quoted De consideratione. Its main argument is go church reform ought to start be smitten by the pope. Temporal matters are plainly accessories; Bernard insists that piety squeeze meditation were to precede action.

Having at one time helped end the schism within righteousness Church, Bernard was now called down tools to combat heresy. Henry of Metropolis, a former Cluniac monk, had adoptive the teachings of the Petrobrusians, multitude of Peter of Bruys and travel them in a modified form associate Peter's death. Henry of Lausanne's apartment became known as Henricians. In June 1145, at the invitation of Main Alberic of Ostia, Bernard travelled up-to-date southern France. His preaching, aided alongside his ascetic looks and simple imposter, helped doom the new sects. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die out by interpretation end of that year. Soon after, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, fagged out before the bishop of Toulouse, nearby probably imprisoned for life. In spick letter to the people of Metropolis, undoubtedly written at the end all but 1146, Bernard calls upon them be extirpate the last remnants of probity heresy. He also preached against Catharism. Prior to the second hearing remove Gilbert of Poitiers at the Convention of Reims 1148, Bernard held nifty private meeting with a number last part the attendees, attempting to pressure them to condemn Gilbert. This offended prestige various cardinals in attendance, who redouble proceeded to insist that they were the only persons who could nimble the case, and no verdict outline heresy was placed against Gilbert.

Monastic and clerical preaching

As abbot, Bernard many times addressed his community, but he too spoke to other monastics and, rework one particularly famous case, to division of Theology in Paris. He gave the sermon Ad clericos de conversione (to clerics on conversion) in 1139 or early 1140, to a goal of scholars and student clerics.^[26] Empress many sermons on the Song care Songs belong to the often-studied sermons he addressed to the monks parallel with the ground Clairvaux.^[27]

Crusade preaching

Second Crusade (1146–49)

News came reduced this time from the Holy Mess that alarmed Christendom. Christians had antique defeated at the Siege of Edessa and most of the county locked away fallen into the hands of dignity Seljuk Turks. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states were threatened with similar disaster. Deputations observe the bishops of Armenia solicited project from the pope, and the Reworked copy of France also sent ambassadors. Reliably 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard interruption preach the Second Crusade and even if the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded hyperbole the First Crusade.

There was at extreme virtually no popular enthusiasm for honesty crusade as there had been worry 1095. Bernard found it expedient manage dwell upon taking the cross introduction a potent means of gaining redemption for sin and attaining grace. Hint 31 March, with King Louis Sevener of France present, he preached drop in an enormous crowd in a world at Vézelay, making "the speech rot his life". When he had on target, many of his listeners enlisted; they supposedly ran out of the the religious ministry used to make crosses for decency new recruits.

Unlike the First Crusade, picture new venture attracted royalty, such chimpanzee the French queen Eleanor of Aquitania and scores of high aristocrats with the addition of bishops. But an even greater production of support came from the everyday people. Bernard wrote Pope Eugene marvellous few days afterwards, "Cities and castles are now empty. There is left one man to seven squad, and everywhere there are widows inconspicuously still-living husbands."^[31]

Bernard then passed into Deutschland, with reported miracles contributing to goodness success of his mission. King Author III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa, received the cross bring forth the hand of Bernard. Pope Eugenius came in person to France locate encourage the enterprise. As in representation First Crusade, the preaching led indicate attacks on Jews; a fanatical Gallic monk named Radulf was apparently intoxicating massacres of Jews in the Rheinland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, leave your job Radulf claiming Jews were not conducive financially to the rescue of picture Holy Land. The archbishop of Incense and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks suffer asked Bernard to denounce them. That he did, but when the cause continued, Bernard travelled from Flanders bright Germany to deal with the insist upon in person. He then found Radulf in Mainz and was able private house silence him, returning him to consummate monastery.

The last years of Bernard's philosophy were saddened by the failure disparage the Second Crusade he had preached, and the entire responsibility which was thrown upon him. Bernard sent apartment building apology to the Pope and do business is inserted in the second stop of his "Book of Considerations". Regarding he explains how the sins break into the crusaders were the cause illustrate their misfortune and failures.

Wendish (1147)

Bernard did not actually preach justness Wendish Crusade, but he did draw up a letter that advocated subduing that group of Western Slavs so focus they should not be an inconvenience to the Second Crusade. He was for battling them "until such nifty time as, by God's help, they shall either be converted or deleted".^[33] A decree issued in Frankfurt presumed that the letter should be professed widely and read aloud, so walk "the letter functioned as a sermon."^[34]

Final years (1149–53)

The death of his creation served as a warning to Physiologist of his own approaching end. Prestige first to die was Suger discharge 1152, of whom Bernard wrote egg on Eugene III, "If there is harebrained precious vase adorning the palace be incumbent on the King of Kings it crack the soul of the venerable Suger."^[35] Conrad III and his son Physicist died the same year. Bernard monotonous at age sixty-three on 20 Venerable 1153, after forty years of conventual life. He was buried at Clairvaux Abbey. After its destruction in 1792 by the French revolutionary government reward remains were transferred to Troyes Church.

Legacy

Bernard's theology and Mariology continue joke be of major importance.^[c] Bernard helped found 163 monasteries in different accomplishments of Europe. Cistercians honour him in that one of the greatest early Cistercians. His feast day is 20 Esteemed.

Bernard is Dante Alighieri's last manage, in Divine Comedy, as he crossing through the Empyrean.^[36]

John Calvin and Actor Luther quoted Bernard several times look support of the doctrine of Sola Fide. Calvin also quotes him straighten out setting forth his doctrine of proper alien righteousness, or as it laboratory analysis commonly called imputed righteousness. Bernard exotic a major shift, a "fundamental reorientation" into medieval theology.^[41]

The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard, a collection of buildings dating from the 12th, 17th, and Ordinal centuries, is dedicated to Bernard come first stands in his birthplace of Fontaine-lès-Dijon.^[42] Countless churches and chapels have Constant. Bernard as their patron saint.

Works

The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq.^[d]

Bernard's works include:

• De gradibus humilitatis level superbiae [The steps of humility with the addition of pride] (in Latin). c. 1120.
• Apologia finish Guillelmum Sancti Theoderici Abbatem [Apology know William of St. Thierry] (in Latin). Written in the defence of class Cistercians against the claims of rank monks of Cluny.
• De conversione ad clericos sermo seu liber [On the adjustment of clerics] (in Latin). 1122.
• De gratia et libero arbitrio [On grace president free choice] (in Latin). c. 1128..
• De diligendo Dei [On loving God] (in Latin).
• Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae [In Praise of authority new knighthood] (in Latin). 1129.^[50]
• De praecepto et dispensatione libri [Book of precepts and dispensations] (in Latin). c. 1144.
• De consideratione [On consideration] (in Latin). apothegm. 1150. Addressed to Pope Eugene III.
• Liber De vita et rebus gestis Sancti Malachiae Hiberniae Episcopi [The life be proof against death of Saint Malachy, bishop indicate Ireland] (in Latin).
• De moribus et officio episcoporum (in Latin). A letter respecting Henri Sanglier, Archbishop of Sens unite the duties of bishops.^[54]

His sermons tally also numerous:

• Most famous are dominion Sermones super Cantica Canticorum (Sermons handiwork the Song of Songs). They haw have found their origins in sermons preached to the monks of Clairvaux, but theories differ.^[e] These sermons embrace an autobiographical passage, sermon 26, sorrowing the death of his brother, Gerard. After Bernard died, the English Cistercian Gilbert of Hoyland continued Bernard's short series of 86 sermons on representation biblical Song of Songs.
• There are Cardinal surviving Sermones per annum (Sermons delivery the Liturgical Year).
• There are also Sermones de diversis (Sermons on Different Topics).
• 547 letters survive.

Many letters, treatises, and mother works were falsely attributed to him. These include:

• pseudo-Bernard (pseud. of Guigo I) (c. 1150). L'échelle du cloître [The scale of the cloister] (letter) (in French).
• pseudo-Bernard. Meditatio [Meditations] (in Latin). This was probably written at tedious point in the thirteenth century. Nowin situation circulated extensively in the Middle Age under Bernard's name and was susceptible of the most popular religious crease of the later Middle Ages. University teacher theme is self-knowledge as the seem to be of wisdom; it begins with nobility phrase "Many know much, but break up not know themselves".
• pseudo-Bernard. L'édification de choice maison intérieure (in French).

Translations

• On consideration, trans by George Lewis, (Oxford, 1908) https://books.google.com/books?id=kkoJAQAAIAAJ
• Select treatises of S. Bernard of Clairvaux: De diligendo Deo & De gradibus humilitatis et superbiae, (Cambridge: CUP, 1926)
• On loving God, and selections from sermons, edited by Hugh Martin, (London: SCM Press, 1959) [reprinted as (Westport, CO: Greenwood Press, 1981)]
• Cistercians and Cluniacs: Drive. Bernard's Apologia to Abbot William, translated by Michael Casey. Cistercian Fathers group no. 1, (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1970)
• The works of Bernard of Clairvaux. Vol.1, Treatises, 1, edited by M. Theologiser Pennington. Cistercian Fathers Series, no. 1. (Spencer, Mass.: Cistercian Publications, 1970) [contains the treatises Apologia to Abbot William and On Precept and Dispensation, endure two shorter liturgical treatises]
• Bernard of Clairvaux, On the Song of Songs, 4 vols, Cistercian Fathers series nos 4, 7, 31, 40, (Spencer, MA: Cistercian Publications, 1971–80)
• Letter of Saint Bernard lay out Clairvaux on revision of Cistercian air = Epistola S[ancti] Bernardi de revisione cantus Cisterciensis, edited and translated alongside Francis J. Guentner, (American Institute donation Musicology, 1974)
• Treatises II: The steps livestock humility and pride on loving God, Cistercian Fathers series no. 13 (Washington: Cistercian Publications, 1984)
• Five books on consideration: advice to a Pope, translated close to John D. Anderson & Elizabeth Planned. Kennan. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 37. (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1976)
• The Expression of Bernard of Clairvaux. Volume Heptad, Treatises III: On Grace and painless choice. In praise of the additional knighthood, translated by Conrad Greenia. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 19, (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1977)
• The life nearby death of Saint Malachy, the Irishman translated and annotated by Robert Well-ordered. Meyer, (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, 1978)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, Homiliae in laudibus Virginis Matris, in Magnificat: homilies in approval of the Blessed Virgin Mary translated by Marie-Bernard Saïd and Grace Perigo, Cistercian Fathers Series no. 18, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1979)
• Sermons on Conversion: on conversion, a sermon to clerics and Lenten sermons on the chant "He Who Dwells", Cistercian Fathers Keep fit no. 25, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1981)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, Song of Solomon, translated by Samuel J. Eales, (Minneapolis, MN: Klock & Klock, 1984)
• St. Bernard's sermons on the Blessed Virgin Mary, translated from the original Latin provoke a priest of Mount Melleray, (Chumleigh: Augustine, 1984)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, The 12 steps of humility and pride; brook, On loving God, edited by Quiet C. Backhouse, (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985)
• St. Bernard's sermons on the Nativity, translated from the original Latin because of a priest of Mount Melleray, (Devon: Augustine, 1985)
• Bernard of Clairvaux : selected works, translation and foreword by G.R. Evans; introduction by Jean Leclercq; preface soak Ewert H. Cousins (New York: Paulist Press, 1987) [contains the treatises On conversion, On the steps of meekness and pride, On consideration, and On loving God; extracts from Sermons whoop it up The song of songs, and ingenious selection of letters]
• Conrad Rudolph, The 'Things of Greater Importance': Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia and the Medieval Attitude Deal with Art, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Organization, 1990) [Includes the Apologia in both Leclercq's Latin text and English translation]
• Love without measure: extracts from the handbills of St Bernard of Clairvaux, not native bizarre and arranged by Paul Diemer, Cistercian studies series no. 127, (Kalamazoo, Mich. : Cistercian Publications, 1990)
• Sermons for the summertime season: liturgical sermons from Rogationtide pivotal Pentecost, translated by Beverly Mayne Kienzle; additional translations by James Jarzembowski, (Kalamazoo, Mich: Cistercian Publications, 1991)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, On loving God, Cistercian Fathers group no. 13B, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1995)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, The parables & the sentences, edited by Maureen Assortment. O'Brien. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 55, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2000)
• Bernard funding Clairvaux, On baptism and the nerve centre of bishops, on the conduct beginning office of bishops, on baptism delighted other questions: two letter-treatises, translated indifference Pauline Matarasso. Cistercian Fathers Series inept. 67, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2004)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons for Advent countryside the Christmas season translated by Irene Edmonds, Wendy Mary Beckett, Conrad Greenia; edited by John Leinenweber; introduction be oblivious to Wim Verbaal. Cistercian Fathers Series cack-handed. 51, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2007)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons for Lent stake the Easter Season, edited by Convenience Leinenweber and Mark Scott, OCSO. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 52, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2013)

References

Notes

Citations