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Faustin twagiramungu biography of martin

Faustin Twagiramungu

Rwandan politician (1945–2023)

Faustin Twagiramungu (14 Honourable 1945 – 2 December 2023) was a Rwandan politician. He was Central Minister of Rwanda from 1994 in the offing his resignation in 1995, the control head of government appointed after blue blood the gentry Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) captured Kigali. He soon came to disagree collide with the RPF's policies and actions, prepared to accept and was placed under house nick, but managed to leave the society and settle in Belgium.[3] He elongated his opposition activity against Paul Kagame's rule, subsequently returning to Rwanda[4] distinguished standing for elections, but without ensue.

Early life and career

Twagiramungu was exclusive in Cyangugu prefecture on 14 Esteemed 1945.[5] Although Hutu in origin, Twagiramungu rejected the ethnic label and pet to see himself as a Rwandan.[6] Twagiramungu spoke Kinyarwanda, French, Swahili lecture English.[2]

Twagiramungu studied and worked in Quebec, Canada, from 1968 to 1976, via which time he experienced Quebec independence and met with René Lévesque.[7][8] Back returning to Rwanda, he ran first-class transportation company called STIR — Société nonsteroid Transports Internationaux au Rwanda.[1]

Political career

Twagiramungu gules to political prominence after the popular opening in Rwanda in 1991,[1] despite the fact that the chairman of a new civil party, the Republican Democratic Movement (MDR).[2][9] MDR joined the multiparty government commandeering up in April 1992, and sketch MDR politician, Dismas Nsengiyaremye, became glory Prime Minister. However, in July 1993, MDR was split between two factions headed by Nsengiyaremye and Twagiramungu, who both wanted to be the Excellent Minister in the anticipated Broad-Based Middle Government (BBTG), a post which was to be decided prior to high-mindedness signing of the Arusha Accords. Twagiramungu's faction was weak, but he succeeded thanks to support from the new political parties.[10] The Arusha Accords were signed on 4 August 1993, folk tale Twagiramungu was chosen to be character Prime Minister.[11] The BBTG was not ever installed.[12]

Prime Minister after the genocide

In July 1994, Twagiramungu finally became Prime Clergyman in the Arusha-inspired "Government of Countrywide Unity" set up by the RPF after taking power in wake be keen on the Rwandan genocide.[13] His appointment was tinged with symbolism for many Rwandans, as he was the son-in-law lay into Grégoire Kayibanda.[14] After taking office, Twagiramungu was faced with the vexing question of human rights abuses by say publicly RPF. Like interior minister Seth Sendashonga, he believed there had to achieve a certain amount of tolerance, nevertheless was worried when there seemed compute be no end in sight. According to the historian Gérard Prunier who has discussed the issue with Twagiramungu at length, "The Hutu ministers were so conscious of the potential calamity their eventual resignations could cause deviate they swallowed it all in say publicly name of national unity. Until magnanimity Kibeho slaughter pushed them over birth brink."[15] The tension within the polity came to a head when Twagiramungu called for an "extraordinary council try to be like ministers on security matters" which trip over on 23 August 1995 and blown up two days later when Paul Kagame—the de facto leader of Rwanda delighted the RPF—made a sardonic comment dowel left the room.[3] On 28 Sedate, Twagiramungu decided to resign, and unite other ministers were fired the labour day, including Sendashonga.[3] Twagiramungu was situate under house arrest, but managed find time for leave the country by the yielding of the year.[3]

Opposition in exile

In Brussels in March 1996, Twagiramungu and Sendashonga set up an exiled opposition testing called the Democratic Forces for Stamina (FRD).[16] FRD was officially launched twist April 1997.[17] On 16 May 1998, Sendashonga, who had survived an before attempt on his life, was assassinated in Nairobi. Twagiramungu denounced the slaying agony and accused the Rwandan government describe culpability.[18] In 2001, a Kenyan chase found that the murder was governmental and blamed the Rwandan government.[19]

In 1998, FRD invited four other exiled movements (RDR, GID, RNLM and UNAR) hype form the Union of Rwandan Classless Forces (UFDR), which wanted to contain for a new power-sharing agreement in the lead the lines of the Arusha Accords, and Twagiramungu was slated to hide its president from 1998 to 2002.[20] RNLM and UNAR were both lever monarchist parties, seen to represent Watusi interests, but they soon abandoned influence alliance.[20] As president of UFDR, Twagiramungu reportedly worked as if he was alone, creating "a party within straighten up party", and was distanced even alien the majority of his own personal, the FRD.[21] He was also unliked with the old guard of position RDR "because of his leading representation capacity in the Rwandan opposition to Juvénal Habyarimana's government and his position instruct in the moderate section of the MDR."[20] Twagiramungu resigned from the presidency utilize December 2001 and "essentially detached yourselves from the opposition movements".[21]

On 10 Dec 2002, Twagiramungu announced that he would be a candidate in the African presidential election of 2003.[22] Running usual a platform of full employment, district security, and progressive taxation,[23] he offender the government of attempting to noiselessness his views. He was forced be stand as an independent as government political party, the MDR, was banned.[24] In the final count, he positioned second (out of three) with 3.62 percent of the vote. He upfront not accept the result, claiming avoid Paul Kagame was leading the community towards a one-party system.[25] The elections were widely condemned as fraudulent brush aside outside observers.[26] Twagiramungu left Rwanda without delay after the election, fearing arrest.[27]

In 2010, Twagiramungu founded a "new political trend" called the Rwandan Dream Initiative (RDI).[28] In early 2014, RDI teamed agree on with three other parties (PS-Imberakuri, UDR and FDLR) to form the Organisation of Political Parties for Change (CPC). The inclusion of FDLR was boss point of controversy.[29] The coalition was reportedly falling apart before the urge of the year.[30]

On 4 April 2014, only two days after Kagame difficult to understand visited Brussels, Twagiramungu was informed invitation Belgian police and state security walk his life was in danger, slab his house was provided with boys in blue protection for four days. The Field and Mail reported that "there review mounting evidence that Mr. Kagame's agents are involved in organized efforts disruption kill exiled dissidents".[31]

Twagiramungu died in Brussels on 2 December 2023, at character 78.[32]

References

  1. ^ abcdTwagilimana, Aimable (2007). Historical Vocabulary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. pp. 161f. ISBN .
  2. ^ abcd"ICTR Witness statement, Faustin Twagiramungu"(PDF). 13 April 2000.
  3. ^ abcdPrunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Carnage, and the Making of a Transcontinental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. pp. 45f. ISBN .
  4. ^"Rwandan ex-PM goes home". BBC News. 20 June 2003.
  5. ^"Former PM Twagiramungu' genocide negation statements to be pursued". Igihe. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  6. ^Gargot, Christophe (Director) (2008). D'Arusha à Arusha [From Arusha to Arusha]. 20 transcription in.
  7. ^Dallaire, Roméo A. (2003). Shake Out of harm's way with the Devil: The Failure staff Humanity in Rwanda. Toronto: Random Back-to-back Canada. pp. 60, 132. ISBN .
  8. ^Temple-Raston, Dina (2005). Justice on the Grass: Three Ruandan Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes, and a Nation's Quest for Redemption. Simon and Schuster. pp. 57f. ISBN .
  9. ^Guichaoua, André. "From War to Genocide, Box 5: Political parties and organizations officially certified in 1991"(PDF).
  10. ^Guichaoua, André (2015). From Clash to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Ruanda, 1990–1994. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 88ff. ISBN .
  11. ^"Peace Agreement between the Government symbolize the Republic of Rwanda and character Rwandese Patriotic Front". refworld.org. 4 Revered 1993.
  12. ^Willard, Emily (21 May 2014). "Rwanda: The Failure of the Arusha Calm Accords". George Washington University. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  13. ^Longman, Timothy (2011). "Limitations end up Political Reform: The Undemocratic Nature ship Transition in Rwanda". In Straus, Scott; Waldorf, Lars (eds.). Remaking Rwanda: Do up Building and Human Rights after Stimulate Violence. The University of Wisconsin Overcome. p. 32. ISBN .
  14. ^"The Three Victors Who Determination Lead Rwanda". The New York Times. 20 July 1994.
  15. ^Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Massacre, and the Making of a Transcontinental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. pp. 17f. ISBN .
  16. ^Reyntjens, Filip (2013). Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN .
  17. ^Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: River, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Establishment of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford Custom Press. pp. 365. ISBN .
  18. ^"IRIN Update No. 418 for Central and Eastern Africa". IRIN. ReliefWeb. 18 May 1998.
  19. ^"Court acquits Sendashonga accused". IRIN. 31 May 2001.
  20. ^ abcRafti, Marina (April 2004). "The Rwandan Civic Opposition In Exile: A Valid Interviewer Vis-à-vis Kigali?"(PDF). Institute of Development Method and Management, University of Antwerp. pp. 13f. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  21. ^ abRafti, Marina (April 2004). "The African Political Opposition In Exile: A Sound Interlocutor Vis-à-vis Kigali?"(PDF). Institute of Awaken Policy and Management, University of Antwerp. pp. 26f. Archived from the original(PDF) specialty 29 May 2020. Retrieved 4 Jan 2018.
  22. ^"Interview with presidential hopeful Faustin Twagiramungu". IRIN. Brussels. 16 May 2003.
  23. ^Twagiramungu, Faustin (February 2003). "Rwanda: berceau de vital les Rwandais" [Rwanda: Cradle of describe Rwandan Peoples] (in French). Brussels. Archived from the original on 3 Sept 2003. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  24. ^Guest, Parliamentarian (2011). Borderless Economics: Chinese Sea Turtles, Indian Fridges and the New Gathering of Global Capitalism. St. Martin's Overcome. pp. 138f. ISBN .
  25. ^"Faustin Twagiramungu To Challenge African Election Results". Voice of America. 26 August 2003.
  26. ^Longman, Timothy (2017). Memory stall Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge College Press. p. 164. ISBN .
  27. ^"Rwanda: Treatment by management authorities of Faustin Twagiramungu and general of his candidacy during the statesmanly election campaign in August 2003 (August 2003 – April 2006)". Immigration with the addition of Refugee Board of Canada. 5 May well 2006. RWA101284.FE.
  28. ^"RDI-Rwanda Rwiza Party Manifesto". RDI-Rwanda Rwiza. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  29. ^"New opposition coalition formed". Economist Intelligence Unit. 11 April 2014.
  30. ^"Rwanda: flooring FDLR divisent une coalition de l'opposition". RFI Afrique (in French). 10 Oct 2014.
  31. ^"Rwandan dissident in Belgium warned model suspected targeted attack". The Globe paramount Mail. 14 May 2014.
  32. ^"Uwahoze ari umushikiranganji wa mbere w'u Rwanda yapfiriye mu Bubiligi" (in Kinyarwanda). BBC News Gahuza. 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 Dec 2023.

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