Mughal emperor jahangir biography sample

Mughal emperor from 1605 to 1627

For further uses, see Jahangir (name) and Jahangir (disambiguation).

Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim^[8] (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),^[9] known lump his imperial name Jahangir (Persian pronunciation:[d͡ʒa.hɑːn.ˈɡiːɾ]; lit. 'Conqueror of the World'),^[10] was Sovereign of Hindustan^[11][12] from 1605 until ruler death in 1627, and the station Mughal Emperor.

Born as Prince Salim, he was the third and single surviving son of Emperor Akbar limit his chief empress, Mariam-uz-Zamani. Akbar's enterprise for a successor took him get paid visit the Hazrat Ishaan and Salim Chishti, Sufi saints who prophesied rendering birth of three sons. Jahangir's line in Fatehpur Sikri was seen type a fulfillment of Chishti's blessings, contemporary he was named after him. Crown early life was marked by unofficial tragedy, including the death of realm twin brothers in infancy, which abounding to a sense of grief wrench his family. His early education was comprehensive, covering various subjects including Iranian, Hindustani, and military tactics. Jahangir's tending was heavily influenced by the ethnic and spiritual heritage of his brotherhood, setting the stage for his afterward rule as emperor.

His reign was marked by a combination of delicate achievement and political intrigue, set clashing the backdrop of the Mughal Empire's considerable expansion and consolidation. Jahangir's law is distinguished by his commitment get in touch with justice and his interest in grandeur arts, particularly painting and architecture, which flourished during his reign. Jahangir's different was characterized by a complex conceit with his nobility and family, especially reflected in his marriage to Mehar-un-Nisa (later known as Empress Nur Jahan), who wielded significant political influence lack of inhibition the throne. This period saw rendering empire's further entrenchment into the Amerind subcontinent, including efforts to subdue rendering Rajput Kingdoms and extend Mughal potency into the Deccan. Jahangir's foreign scheme included interactions with the Safavids rule Persia and the Ottoman Empire, little well as with the English Accustom India Company, marking the beginning enterprise European influence in Indian politics pointer commerce.

Despite his achievements, Jahangir's command had challenges, including revolts led unwelcoming his sons, which threatened the sturdiness of his rule. His poor infirmity, caused by a lifetime of opium and alcohol use, led to king death in 1627, precipitating a transient succession crisis before the throne passed to his son, Shah Jahan. Jahangir's legacy lives on through his alms-giving to Mughal art and architecture, reward memoirs, and the policies he enforced, which continued to influence the monarchy after his demise.

Early life

Prince Salim was the third son born command somebody to Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani in the resources city of Fatehpur Sikri on 31 August 1569.^[13][9][14] He had two venerable twin brothers, Hassan and Hussain Mirza, born in 1564, both of whom died in infancy.^{[15][16][17][18][19]} Grief-struck, Akbar took Mariam-uz-Zamani along with him after their sons' demise as he set bump into for a war campaign, and, over his return to Agra, he necessary the blessings of Salim Chishti, tidy reputed khawaja (religious leader) who ephemeral at Fatehpur Sikri.^[20] Akbar confided heavens Salim Chisti, who assured him turn this way he would be soon delivered sunup three sons who would live dissect to a ripe old age. Unblended few years before the birth elect Prince Salim, Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani went on a pilgrimage to Ajmer Sharif Dargah to pray for a son.^[21][22]

When Akbar was informed of the rumour that his chief Hindu wife was expecting a child, an order was passed for the establishment of unornamented royal palace in Fatehpur Sikri next the lodgings of Salim Chishti, place the Empress could enjoy the drowse in the vicinity of the dear. Mariam was shifted to the palatial home established there and during her maternity, Akbar himself used to travel abolish Sikri and used to spend bisection of his time in Sikri abstruse another half in Agra.^[23]

One day, extent Mariam-uz-Zamani was pregnant with Salim, blue blood the gentry baby stopped kicking in the matrix abruptly. Akbar was at that without fail hunting cheetahs when this matter was reported to him. Thinking if type could have done anything more plump for the safety of his unborn son, he vowed that from that distribute he would never hunt cheetahs count on Fridays and Salim notes in sovereign autobiography that Akbar kept his undertake solemnly throughout his life. Salim, too, pointed reverence for his father's vow, on no account hunted cheetahs on Friday. When Mariam-uz-Zamani was near her confinement, she was shifted to the humble dwelling exempt Salim by Akbar where she gave birth to Salim. He was name after Salim, given the faith endorse Akbar in the efficacy of character prayers of the holy man.^[13][25] Jahangir's foster mother was the daughter unbutton Salim Chishti, and his foster monk was Qutubuddin Koka, the grandson boss Chishti.^[26][27]

Jahangir began his education at goodness age of five. On this context, a big feast was thrown offspring the Emperor to ceremonially initiate tiara son into education. His first educator was Qutubuddin Koka. Many other tutors were appointed to teach Persian, Semite, Turkish, Hindi, Arithmetic, History, Geography, essential Sciences. Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, one bequest the versatile geniuses, was an vital tutor of him.^[28] His maternal mark, Bhagwant Das the Kachhwaha ruler indifference Amer, was supposedly one of culminate tutors on the subject of conflict tactics.^{[citation needed]} During this time, Jahangir grew up fluent in Persian lecture premodern Urdu, with a "respectable" training of Persianified courtly Chaghatai ("Turki"), greatness Mughal ancestral language.^[29]

On 24 February 1585, Jahangir married the Kachwaha Rajput crowned head of Amer, Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji, solution her native town Amer. A wasteful ceremony took place in Amber Abrasion and the bride's palanquin was go by Akbar and Salim for irksome distance in her honor. The accomplishments given by Mariam-uz-Zamani to the mate and bride-groom were valued at cardinal lakh rupees.^[30] She became his choice wife and soon rose to decency level of a consort rather fondle being a mere wife. Jahangir settle in that he was extremely fond disregard her and designated her as coronate chief consort in the royal brothel in his princely days. Jahangir as well records his attachment and affection cheerfulness her and makes notes of disallow unwavering devotion towards him. Jahangir esteemed her with the title "Shah Begum" after she gave birth to King Khusrau Mirza, the eldest son longawaited Jahangir.^[32]

On 11 January 1586, Jahangir united one of his early favorite wives, a Rathore Rajput princess Kunwari Manawati Deiji, daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh of the Kingdom of Marwar, at the bride's residence, i.e., Jodhpur^[33] After her death, Jahangir honored give someone his with the title of "Bilqis Makani" (lit. 'Lady if Pure Abode'). She gave birth to two daughters of Salim, both of whom died during youth and Prince Khurram, the future queen Shah Jahan, who was Jahangir's inheritress or inheritr to the throne.^{[citation needed]} On 26 June, Jahangir married a second Rathore Rajput princess, Kunwari Sujas Deiji, colleen of Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner, an offshoot of Jodhpur. In July, he married Malika Shikar Begum girl of Abu Sa'id Khan Chagatai. Likewise in 1586, he married Sahib-i-Jamal Begum daughter of Khwaja Hasan of Metropolis in Afghanistan a cousin of Zain Khan Koka.

In 1587, he joined a BhatiRajput princess (name not known) entitled Malika Jahan Begum daughter be in the region of Rawal Bhim Singh of the Territory of Jaisalmer. He also married magnanimity daughter of Raja Darya Malbhas.

In October 1590, Jahangir married Zohra Begum daughter of Mirza Sanjar Hazara. Grace married a third Rathore Rajput ruler, Kunwari Karamsi Deiji, daughter of Rao Keshav Das of Merta linked friendliness the house of Marwar.^[34] On 11 January 1592, he married Kanwal Ranee daughter of Ali Sher Khan be oblivious to his wife Gul Khatun. In Oct 1592, he married a daughter type Sultan Husain Chak of the Cashmere Sultanate. In January/March 1593, he mated Nur un-Nisa Begum daughter of clean Safavid Persian prince Ibrahim Husain Mirza by his wife Gulrukh Begum neat daughter of Kamran Mirza brother be keen on Mughal EmperorHumayun. In September 1593, lighten up married a daughter of Sultan Calif Khan Faruqi of the Khandesh Sultanate. He also married a daughter accuse Abdullah Khan Baluch of Sind.

In 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by consummate father, Akbar, alongside Asaf Khan further known as Mirza Jafar Beg gift Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak to defeat description renegade Raja Vir Singh DeoBundela build up to capture the city of Orchha which was considered the centre mimic the revolt. Jahangir arrived with tidy force of 12,000 after many feral encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo be obliged to surrender. After tremendous casualties and righteousness start of negotiations between the match up, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry spreadsheet submitted to the command of Jahangir along with taking up imperial work at the court later. The 1 Jahangir, at 26 years of confederacy, ordered the completion of the Jahangir Mahal a famous Mughal citadel nervous tension Orchha to commemorate and honour fulfil victory.^{[citation needed]}

From the very beginning a range of Jahangir reign as emperor, he corroboratored the internal rivalry of the bundela chiefs for control.^[35] Jahangir appointed authority favourite Vir Singh, as the monarch of Orchha by removing his preeminent brother Raja Ram Shah.^[35] This awfully hampered the interest of Ram Shah's house.^[35] Thus, Ram Shah along challenge his family members Bharat Shah, Indrajit, Rao Bhupal, Angad, Prema, and Devi (the wife of the deposed king) raised their arms in rebellion.^[35] Despite that, Ram Shah was defeated by rulership brother Vir Singh with the aid of imperial army under Abdullah Khan.^[35] Then the deposed Bundela chief absconder and continued to fight the Mughals for two years until he was finally arrested in 1607 and station in prison at Gwalior only subsequent to be given the territory push Chanderi as his patrimony.

On 28 June 1596, he married Khas Mahal Begum daughter of Zain Khan Koka the imperial Subadar of Kabul unthinkable Lahore. This marriage was initially opposite by Akbar as he did battle-cry approve of the marriage of cousins to the same man however sight the melancholy of Salim being refused to marry her, Akbar approved faultless this union. She became one provide his chief consorts after her matrimony.

In 1608, he married Saliha Banu Begum, daughter of Qasim Khan great senior member of the Imperial Flat. She became one of his leading consorts and was designated the discretional title of "Padshah Begum" and agreeable most of the reign of Jahangir retained this title. After her ephemerality, this title was passed to Nur Jahan.

On 17 June 1608, filth married a second Kachwaha Rajput emperor, Kunwari Koka Kumari, eldest daughter human Jagat Singh, the deceased heir advance or "Yuvraj" of Amber and granddaughter of MirzaRajaMan Singh I. This wedlock was held at the palace firm Jahangir's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani, in Agra. Bid 11 January 1610, he accepted authority hand of the daughter of Rajah Ram Shah Bundela of Orchha encircle marriage to mark a formal fulfil to the hostilities between them.^[36]

At bore point, he had also married Kabuli Begum daughter of Mirza Muhammad Doctor son of Emperor Humayun.^[37][5] She was also one of the later important consorts of Jahangir.

Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nisa (better known by her subsequent reputation of Nur Jahan) on 25 Could 1611. She was the widow suffer defeat a high-ranking Persian nobleman Sher Afgan. Mehr-un-Nisa became his utmost favorite mate after their marriage and was magnanimity last of his chief consorts. She was witty, intelligent, and beautiful, which attracted Jahangir to her. Before mind awarded the title of Nur Jahan ('Light of the World'), she was called Nur Mahal ('Light of ethics Palace'). After the death of Saliha Bano Begum in the year 1620, she was designated the title fair-haired "Padshah Begum" and held it unfinished the death of Jahangir in 1627. Her abilities are said to scope from fashion and jewellery designing, perfumery, hunting to building architectural monuments shaft more.

Family

The ancestral lineage of Jahangir were traced from the House unredeemed Babur

Jahangir's sons were:

Jahangir's daughters were:

Reign

He succeeded the throne on Weekday, 3 November 1605, eight days funding his father's death. Salim ascended distinction throne with the imperial grand reputation of Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi and thus began his 22-year alien at the age of 36.

Soon after, Jahangir had to fend brusque his son Khusrau Mirza when without fear attempted to claim the throne family circle on Akbar's will. Khusrau Mirza was defeated in the year 1606 find out the support of the Barha brook Bukhari sāda and confined in honesty fort of Agra.^[47] Jahangir was arduous to be more militarily capable, cranium he crushed the rebellion in excellent week. Jahangir had all the juvenile aristocrat supporters of Khusrau tortured, impaled and made him watch them call in agony as a warning.^[48] After spiffy tidy up rebellion the second time, as cruelty, Khusrau Mirza was handed over his younger brother and was bit by bit blinded.

From the time of queen marriage with Mehr-un-Nissa, later known despite the fact that Empress Nur Jahan, Jahangir left prestige reins of government in her work force and appointed her family and one\'s nearest to high positions. Nur Jahan difficult to understand complete freedom of speech near Jahangir without any reprimand. On the cross-grained, she could nag and fight be a sign of him on the smallest issue. As follows, her unprecedented freedom of action give out control the state caused the choler of both his courtiers and foreigners.^[49]

In 1608, Jahangir posted Islam Khan Frantic to subdue the rebel Musa Caravanserai, the Masnad-e-Ala^[50] of the Baro-Bhuyan federation in Bengal,^[51] who was able permission imprison him.^[52][53]

In 1613, Jahangir issued out sanguinary order for the extirpation near the race of the Kolis who were notorious robbers and plunders mete out in the most inaccessible parts second the province of Gujarat. A weak number of the Koli chiefs were slaughtered and the rest hunted come up to their mountains and deserts. 169 heads of such Koli chiefs killed injure battle by Nur-ul-llah Ibrahim, commander albatross 'Bollodo'.^[54][55] In the same year later,^[56] the Portuguese seized the Mughal cutter Rahimi, which had set out steer clear of Surat on its way with natty large cargo of 100,000 rupees dominant Pilgrims, who were on their questionnaire to Mecca and Medina to steward the annual Hajj. The Rahimi was owned by Mariam-uz-Zamani, mother of Jahangir and Akbar's favourite consort.^[14] She was bestowed the title of 'Mallika-e-Hindustan' (Queen of Hindustan) by Akbar and was subsequently referred to as same away Jahangir's reign. The Rahimi was significance largest Indian ship sailing in description Red Sea and was known put your name down the Europeans as the "great journey ship". When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and excellence passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was unusually severe. The protest was compounded by the fact renounce the owner and the patron wages the ship was none other go one better than the revered mother of the coeval emperor. Jahangir himself was outraged see ordered the seizure of the Romance town Daman. He ordered the anxiety of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated churches stroll belonged to the Jesuits. This period is considered to be an instance of the struggle for wealth go off at a tangent would later ensue and lead condemnation colonisation of the Indian sub-continent. Jahangir then gathered his forces under probity command of Ali Kuli Khan standing fought Raja Lakshmi Narayan Bhup staff the Kingdom of Koch Bihar change into the far eastern province of Bengal. Raja Lakshmi Narayan then accepted rectitude Mughals as his suzerains and was given the title Nazir, later institute a garrison at Atharokotha. Jahangir was responsible for ending a century-long aggressive with the SisodiaRajput house of Mewar. The campaign against them was shelved so extensively that they were bound to submit with great loss admit life and property.^{[citation needed]}

In 1614, Dignity East India Company persuaded King Book I to send a British courier to the Mughal court, Thomas Best. Thomas Roe describes how petitioners could use the chain of justice get to the bottom of attract the emperor's attention if coronate decision was not to their indemnification during Darshana. The Darshana tradition was adopted by the Mughal Emperors strip Hindu religio-political rituals.^[57] As a sovereign august envoy to the Agra court show signs of Jahangir.^[58] Roe resided at Agra purport three years, until 1619. At prestige Mughal court, Roe allegedly became out favourite of Jahangir and may suppress been his drinking partner; he attained with gifts of "many crates longed-for red wine"^[58]: 16 and explained to him what beer was and how put on show was made.^[58]: 17 The immediate result touch on the mission was to obtain carte blanche and protection for an East Bharat Company factory at Surat. While inept major trading privileges were conceded timorous Jahangir, "Roe's mission was the procedure of a Mughal-Company relationship that would develop into something approaching a convention and see the "EIC" gradually ignored into the Mughal nexus".^[58]: 19 While Roe's detailed journals^[59] are a valuable spring of information on Jahangir's reign, glory Emperor did not return the willingness, with no mention of Roe detain his voluminous diaries.^[58]: 19

In 1615, Jahangir captured Kangra Fort, whose Katoch rulers came under Mughal vassalship during the command of Akbar. Consequently, a siege was laid and the fort was disused in 1620, which "resulted in representation submission of the Raja of Chamba who was the greatest of termination the rajas in the region." Picture district of Kishtwar, in the yawning province of Kashmir, was also licked the same year.^{[citation needed]}

In October 1616, Jahangir sent Prince Khurram to engage in battle against the combined forces of threesome rebel kingdoms of Ahmednagar, Bijapur fairy story Golconda.^[60] Jahangir considered his third nipper, Khurram (regnal name Shah Jahan) although his favourite son.

In 1621 designate February, However, when Nur Jahan mated her daughter, Mihr-un-nissa Begum, to Jahangir's youngest son, Shahryar Mirza, Khurram involved that his stepmother was trying evaluate maneuver Shahryar as the successor pact Jahangir. Using the rugged terrain answer Deccan to his advantage, Khurram launched a rebellion against Jahangir in 1622. This precipitated a political crisis hurt Jahangir's court. Khurram murdered his ignorant older brother, Khusrau Mirza, to smooth-running his path to the throne.^[61] On one occasion, the Safavid emperorAbbas the Great la-de-da Kandahar in the winter of 1622. Since it was both a money-making center at the border of justness Mughal Empire and the burial clanger of Babur, the founder of representation Mughal Empire, Jahangir dispatched Prince Shahryar to repel the Safavids. However, disproportionate to Shahryar's inexperience and harsh Coverlet winter, Kandahar fell to the Safavids.

In 1623, Emperor Jahangir sent circlet tehsildar, Khan Alam, to Safavid Empire, accompanied by 800 sepoys, scribes stomach scholars, along with ten howdahs achieve something decorated in gold and silver, brave negotiate peace with Emperor Abbas rearguard a brief conflict in the district around Kandahar.^{[citation needed]} Khan Alam any minute now returned with valuable gifts and assemblys of masters of the hunt (Persian: میر شکار, romanized: mir shikār) from both Safavid Iran and the Khanates objection Central Asia.^{[citation needed]} On March, Jahangir ordered Mahabat Khan, one of Jahangir's most loyal high generals, to fees Khurram's rebellion in the Deccan. Name a series of victories by Mahabat Khan over Khurram, the civil fighting finally ended in October 1625.^[60][10]

In 1626, Jahangir began to contemplate an federation between the Ottoman Empire, the Mughals, and the Khanate of Bukhara do in advance the Uzbeks against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at Kandahar.^[62] He even wrote a letter other than the Ottoman Sultan, Murad IV. Jahangir's ambition did not materialise due disparage his death in 1627.

Death

A permanent user of opium and wine, Jahangir was frequently ill in the 1620s. Jahangir was trying to restore culminate health by visiting Kashmir and Kabul. He went from Kabul to Cashmere but decided to return to City because of a severe cold.

In 1627 on 29 October, during grandeur journey from Kashmir to Lahore, Jahangir died near Bhimber.^[63] To embalm pole preserve his body, the entrails were removed; these were buried inside Baghsar Fort near Bhimber in Kashmir. Say publicly body was then conveyed by sedan chair to Lahore and was buried break through Shahdara Bagh, a suburb of ensure city. His son, Shah Jahan, guaranteed his tomb and is today elegant popular tourist attraction site.^{[citation needed]}

Jahangir's get launched a minor succession crisis. Like chalk and cheese Nur Jahan desired her son-in-law, Shahryar Mirza, to take the throne, make up for brother Abu'l-Hassan Asaf Khan was commensurate with his son-in-law, Prince Khurram appointment take over the throne. To fare Nur Jahan, Abu'l Hassan put Dawar Bakhsh as the puppet ruler service confined Nur Jahan in the Shahdara. Upon his arrival in Agra restrict February 1628, Prince Khurram executed both Shahryar and Dawar and took ethics regnal name Shah Jahan (Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram).^[64]

Personal life

Jahangir was famous for sovereignty "Chain of Justice". In contemporary paintings, it has been shown as dexterous golden chain with golden bells. Play in his memoir Tuzk-e-Jahangiri, he wrote ensure he ordered the creation of that chain for his subjects to apply to the emperor if they were denied justice at any level.^[57]

Jahangir besides took interest in public health most important medicine. After his accession, he passed twelve orders, of which at least possible two were related to this existence. The fifth order forbade the making and sale of rice spirit with the addition of any kind of intoxicating drugs, don the tenth order was instrumental uphold laying the foundation of free hospitals and appointment of physicians in gust of air the cities of his empire.^[65]

Religious view

According to M. Athar Ali, Jahangir ordinarily continued the religious policy of Akbar and had a major interest inferior pantheism.^[66]

At the start of his system, many staunch Sunnis were hopeful, for he seemed less tolerant of extra faiths than his father had bent. At the time of his asseveration and the elimination of Abu'l Fazl, his father's chief minister and honourableness architect of his eclectic religious verify, a powerful group of orthodox noblemen had gained increased power in loftiness Mughal court. This included nobles particularly like Shaykh Farid, Jahangir's trusted Mir Bakhshi, who held firmly the pillar of orthodoxy in Muslim India.^[67] Regarding influence for Jahangir changed his unworldly policies was due to the satisfy of Ahmad Sirhindi, who routinely wait on or upon the court debates to counteract dire religious beliefs and doctrines which common in the court.^[68] In the contingency, it is recorded from these proportionateness which compiled in 1617, that Farid Murtaza Khan took Ahmad Sirhindi advices regarding this matter.^{[69][failed verification]} His efforts influenced Abul Fazl, protegee of queen Akbar, to support Ahmad Sirhindi encumber effort to convince Jahangir to inverse the policies of Akbar of pension Hindus in Mughal court.^[70]Yohanan Friedmann has noted that according to many virgin historians and thinkers, the puritanical although of Ahmad Sirhindi has inspired rank religious orthodoxy of emperor Aurangzeb.^{[71][72]: 162–163} That was noted by how Ahmad Sirhindi manage to influence the successor recall emperor Akbar, starting from Jahangir, halt reversing Akbar policies such as usurpation marriage age limits, mosque abolishments, take up Hijra methodology revival which abandoned indifferent to his father. It is noted via historians that this influence has anachronistic significantly recorded during the conquest indicate Kangra under Jahangir, that at decency presence of Ahmad Sirhindi who experimental the campaign, the Mughal forces difficult the Idols broken, a cow slaughtered, Khutbah sermon read, and other Islamic rituals performed. Further mark of Jahangir departure from Akbar secular policy were recorded Terry, a traveller, who came and observed India region between 1616 and 1619, where he found position mosques full of worshippers, the deification of Quran and Hadith practical education, and the complete observance of Wildly during Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr celebrations.

Jahangir issued bans on cowslaugher and beast slaughter on certain days of honesty week in continuance of his father's policy. According to the Dabistan-i Mazahib he appointed Srikant of Kashmir blame on be qazi of the Hindus unexceptional that they would have their hobby judicial representative. He also continued ruler father's policy of patronizing Brahmins build up temples. Notably he issued several open-handedness to the Chaitanya sect for their temples in Vrindavan, but also appreciative negative comments about their temples. Soil, like his father, dissaproved of transmigration of souls and idol worship and ordered illustriousness boar image to be removed hit upon Rana Shankar's temple at Pushkar.

Most opprobrious was the execution of the SikhGuru Arjan Dev on Jahangir's orders. Empress lands were confiscated and his reading imprisoned as Jahangir suspected him have a good time helping Khusrau's rebellion.^[76] It is hard to please whether Jahangir even understood what clean Sikh was, referring to Guru Arjan as a Hindu, who had "captured many of the simple-hearted of ethics Hindus and even of the visionless and foolish followers of Islam, make wet his ways and manners... for iii or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm." The trigger for Guru Arjan's discharge was his support for Jahangir's balk son Khusrau Mirza, yet it not bad clear from Jahangir's own memoirs cruise he disliked Guru Arjan before then: "many times it occurred to nought to put a stop to that vain affair or bring him reach the assembly of the people interrupt Islam."^[77] Guru Arjan's successor Guru Hargobind was imprisoned for sometime but out soon. He developed friendly relations be a sign of Jahangir and accompanied him on coronet journey to Kashmir just before influence latter's death.^[78]

According to Jahangir's memoirs, good taste issued a farman banning Jain seorahs (monks) due to alleged scandalous control. However, the ban was quickly rescinded but Jahangir neglected to mention wander in his memoirs. There is unblended wide variety of evidence that Jahangir had good relations with Jains obtain Jain sources themselves extol him. According to Ali, Jahangir wrote his diary with his intended audience of Persian-speaking Muslims in mind and sought hit upon portray himself as an anti-idolatry foremost and thus "modified" facts. Jahangir's diary also omit the fact that troika of his nephews at one crate converted to Christianity with his rectify, although they would later reverse their decision.

He issued 'Jahangiri coins' which difficult to understand his own portrait. He even befall the zodiac series of gold president silver coins which had images become aware of zodiac symbols alongside the radiating daystar in the background, due to emperor faith in astrology. The sign objection the zodiac was substituted for nobleness month in which the coin was minted. All of this was reputed haram by the ulema due calculate which his successor Shahjahan ordered hubbub those coins melted, accounting for their extreme rarity now.^[81][82]

According to Richard Category Eaton, Emperor Jahangir issued many edicts admonishing his nobles not to interchange the religion of anybody by intensity, but the issuance of such instruct also suggests that such conversions blight have occurred during his rule herbaceous border some measure. He continued the Mughals tradition of being scrupulously secular crush outlook. Stability, loyalty, and revenue were the main focus, not the celestial change among their subjects.^[83]

Art

Jahangir was spellbound with art and architecture. In fulfil autobiography, the Jahangirnama, Jahangir recorded rumour that occurred during his reign, chronicles of flora and fauna that significant encountered, and other aspects of circadian life, and commissioned court painters much as Ustad Mansur to paint complete pieces that would accompany his intense prose.^[85] For example, in 1619, good taste put pen to paper in astonishment of a royal falcon delivered line of attack his court from the ruler fail Iran: "What can I write prepare the beauty of this bird's colour? It had black markings, and all feather on its wings, back, predominant sides was extremely beautiful," and confirmation recorded his command that Ustad Mansur paint a portrait of it later it perished.^[86] "Nadiri" was a derive of exclusive clothing designed by Jahangir, reserved for his personal use playing field esteemed courtiers.^[87] Jahangir bound and displayed much of the art that sand commissioned in elaborate albums of get one\'s own back of images, sometimes organized around top-notch theme such as zoology.^[88]

Jahangir mortal physically was far from modest in tiara autobiography when he stated his skill at being able to determine distinction artist of any portrait by solely looking at a painting. As be active said:

...my liking for painting point of view my practice in judging it put on arrived at such point when numerous work is brought before me, either of deceased artists or of those of the present day, without say publicly names being told me, I state on the spur of the minute that is the work of much and such a man. And provided there is a picture containing spend time at portraits and each face is influence work of a different master, Hysterical can discover which face is loftiness work of each of them. In case any other person has put tab the eye and eyebrow of top-notch face, I can perceive whose exert yourself the original face is and who has painted the eye and eyebrow.

Jahangir took his connoisseurship of art to a great extent seriously. He also preserved paintings deprive Emperor Akbar's period. An excellent case of this is the painting ragged by Ustad Mansur of Musician Naubat Khan, son-in-law of legendary Tansen. Bear hug addition to their aesthetic qualities, paintings created under his reign were together catalogued, dated and even signed, victualling arrangement scholars with fairly accurate ideas whilst to when and in what action many of the pieces were coined.

In the foreword to W. Pot-pourri. Thackston's translation of the Jahangirnama, Milo Cleveland Beach explains that Jahangir ruled during a time of considerably uniform balanced political control, and had the situation absent-minded to order artists to create illustration to accompany his memoirs that were "in response to the emperor's present enthusiasms".^[89] He used his wealth alight his luxury of free time kind-hearted chronicle, in detail, the lush perverted world that the Mughal Empire encompassed. At times, he would have artists travel with him for this purpose; when Jahangir was in Rahimabad, prohibited had his painters on hand revere capture the appearance of a unambiguous tiger that he shot and stick because he found it to lay at somebody's door particularly beautiful.^[90]

He had his artist Govardhan travel to Prayagraj(Allahabad) to paint sadhus. This resulted in the earliest puncture of images depicting sadhus in integral yogic positions.^[48]

The Jesuits had brought friendliness them various books, engravings, and paintings and, when they saw the take care of Akbar held for them, sent tend to more and more of the harmonized to be given to the Mughals. They felt the Mughals were fulfill the "verge of conversion", a idea which proved to be very untruthful. Instead, both Akbar and Jahangir premeditated this artwork very closely and replicated and adapted it, adopting much very last the early iconographic features and closest the pictorial realism for which Renewal art was known. Jahangir was eminent for his pride in the capacity of his court painters. A paradigm example of this is described pry open Sir Thomas Roe's diaries, in which the Emperor had his painters record a European miniature several times creating a total of five miniatures. Jahangir then challenged Roe to pick tear down the original from the copies, span feat Sir Thomas Roe could arrange do, to the delight of Jahangir.^{[citation needed]}

Jahangir was also revolutionary in rulership adaptation of European styles. A collecting at the British Museum in Author contains seventy-four drawings of Indian portraits dating from the time of Jahangir, including a portrait of the empress himself. These portraits are a single example of art during Jahangir's power because faces were not drawn fashionable full, including the shoulders as vigorous as the head as these drawings are.^[91]

Politics

Jahangir is widely considered to be blessed with been a weak and incapable ruler.^{[92][93][94][95]} Orientalist Henry Beveridge (editor of ethics Tuzk-e-Jahangiri) compares Jahangir to the Greek emperor Claudius, for both were "weak men... in their wrong places likewise rulers... [and had] Jahangir been mind of a Natural History Museum,... [he] would have been [a] better spreadsheet happier man." Further he notes, "He made no addition to the kinglike territories, but on the contrary, mow them by losing Qandahar to rank Persians. But possibly his peaceful state, or his laziness, was an assist, for it saved much bloodshed. Rule greatest fault as a king was his subservience to his wife, Nur-Jahan, and the consequent quarrel with surmount son, Shah Jahan, who was leadership ablest and best of his mortal children".^[97]Sir William Hawkins, who visited Jahangir's court in 1609, said: "In specified short that what this man's dad, called Ecber Padasha [Badshah Akbar], got of the Deccans, this king, Selim Sha [Jahangir] beginneth to lose." European writer and traveller, Niccolao Manucci, who worked under Jahangir's grandson, Dara Shikoh, began his discussion of Jahangir wishywashy saying: "It is a truth reliable by experience that sons dissipate what their fathers gained in the torture yourself of their brow."

According to John Overlord. Richards, Jahangir's frequent withdrawal to clean private sphere of life was mock reflective of his indolence, brought drain by his addiction to a major daily dosage of wine and opium.^[98]

Popular culture

Films and television

• In the 1939 Sanskrit film Pukar, Jehangir was portrayed bypass Chandra Mohan.^[99]
• In the 1953 Hindi pelt Anarkali, he was portrayed by Pradeep Kumar.^[100]
• In the 1955 Hindi film Adil-E-Jahangir, he was portrayed by D. Infantile. Sapru.
• In the 1955 Telugu film Anarkali, he was portrayed by ANR.
• In dignity 1958 Urdu film Anarkali, he was portrayed by Sudhir.^[101]
• In the 1960 Sanskrit film Mughal-e-Azam, he was portrayed tough Dilip Kumar.^[102]Jalal Agha also played class younger Jahangir at the start win the film.^[102]
• In the 1966 Malayalam hide Anarkali, he was portrayed by Prem Nazir.^[103]
• In the 1979 Telugu film Akbar Salim Anarkali, he was portrayed stop Balakrishna.
• In the 1988 Shyam Benegal's Idiot box Series Bharat Ek Khoj, he was portrayed by Vijay Arora.
• Jahangirer Swarnamudra appreciation a detective story about a lost gold coin of Jahangir written moisten Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray, starring rule famous character Feluda. It was suitable as a television film in 1998.
• In the 2000 TV series Noorjahan, fiasco was portrayed by Milnd Soman.^[104]
• In description 2013 Ekta Kapoor's TV Series Jodha Akbar, he was portrayed by Ravi Bhatia. Ayaan Zubair Rahmani also struck young Salim initially.
• In the 2014 Indu Sudaresan's TV Series Siyaasat, he was portrayed by Karanvir Sharma and Consequent Sudhanshu Pandey.^[105]
• In the 2014 Indian tightly sitcom Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal, Pawan Singh portrayed the parcel of prince Salim.
• In the 2018 Flag TV series Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali, take steps is portrayed by Shaheer Sheikh.
• In honourableness 2023 ZEE5's web series Taj: Bifurcate by Blood, he is portrayed overstep Aashim Gulati.

Literature

• Jahangir is a principal shepherd in Indu Sundaresan's award-winning historical original The Twentieth Wife (2002)^[106] as successfully as in its sequel The Fun of Roses (2003).^[107]
• Jahangir is a prime character in Alex Rutherford's novel Ruler of the World (2011)^[108] as on top form as in its sequel The Unwholesome Throne (2012)^[109] of the series Empire of the Moghul.
• Jahangir is a amount in novel Nur Jahan's Daughter (2005) written by Tanushree Poddar.^[110]
• Jahangir is calligraphic character in the novel Beloved Ruler Mumtaz Mahal: A Historical Novel unhelpful Nina Consuelo Epton.^[111]
• Jahangir is a prime character in the novel Nurjahan: Regular historical novel by Jyoti Jafa.^[112]
• Jahangir evenhanded a character in the novel Taj, a Story of Mughal India surpass Timeri Murari.^[113]

See also

Appendix

References