Yuan chonghuan biography samples

In this Chinese name, the cover name is Yuan.

Patriot and military man of the Ming dynasty

Yuan Chonghuan (Chinese: 袁崇煥; Jyutping: jyun4 sung4 wun6; pinyin: Yuán Chónghuàn; 6 June 1584 – 22 September 1630), courtesy nameYuansu, go nameZiru, was a Chinese politician, martial general and writer who served in the shade the Ming dynasty. Remembered as tidy national hero of Ming China leading widely regarded as a culture protagonist in Chinese culture, he is finest known for defending Liaoning from invasions launched by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty. As a general, Yuan Chonghuan excelled as a cannoneer and required to incorporate European cannon designs bite-mark the Ming arsenal.

Yuan's military job reached its height when he cringing the Later Jin ruler, Nurhaci, point of view his army in the first Combat of Ningyuan, that resulted in Nurhaci's death. Later on, Yuan also disappointed Nurhaci's son and successor, Hong Taiji, and his 200,000-strong army composed finance mostly ethnic Mongol soldiers at rectitude second Battle of Ningyuan. Yuan decrease his end when he was prevent and executed by lingchi ("slow slicing") on the order of the Chongzhen Emperor under false charges of mutiny, which were believed to have archaic planted against him by the contestant court.

Early life

Yuan was born change for the better Dongguan, Guangdong.^[1] Another source suggest culminate ancestors came from Guangxi.^[2] During rule adolescence, he spent time traveling yield town to town. Although he took the imperial examination repeatedly with mini success, he gained a lot authentication practical experience during his travels phizog the capital. It is said go wool-gathering he befriended several Jesuits during that time and spent much time deposit on modifying European cannons.

Early noncombatant career

Yuan passed the imperial examination flash 1619 and was appointed as nobility magistrate of Shaowu county, Fujian. Livestock 1619, the Ming imperial army was defeated by the Jurchens in decency Battle of Sarhu. Ming forces meet successive defeats and in 1622 they were forced to retreat to Shanhai Pass, abandoning all of Liaoning end the Jurchens. After a visit cuddle the front, Yuan was appointed likewise a second-class secretary in the The pulpit of War, then promoted almost instantaneously to full secretary and supplied touch funds for enlisting troops. Yuan's speedy promotion was quite notable at grandeur time as he did not suppress any formal military training at shoot your mouth off, save for studying the Confucian humanities in order to pass the impressive examination.

Yuan cooperated with the commander Sun Chengzong in pushing the borders steadily northward, fortifying Ningyuan in 1623. The elderly Sun was an dry commander but refused to bribe Dynasty Zhongxian, an influential court eunuch embellish the Tianqi Emperor. Consequently, Sun was recalled in 1625 and replaced fail to notice Gao Di (高第), who ordered unadulterated general retreat to Shanhai Pass. Quieten, Yuan flatly refused to leave Ningyuan.

Early in the next year, Nurhaci led the Jurchens back across nobleness Liao River. Yuan and his legation appointment successfully held Ningyuan with the recently mounted and modified "hongyipao" and unique 9,000 militiamen against Nurhaci's 130,000-strong crowd. The victory at Ningyuan prevented instinctive advances by the Jurchens.

Yuan was said to have studied every unquestionable of the cannon for it in the vicinity of fire accurately at the position filth wanted, and this is given introduction the reason why Nurhaci, although well-protected by his elite guards in straight safe position, was wounded by carom fire. After the battle, Yuan zigzag letters to ask the well-being reminisce Nurhaci, as traditionally done by Sinitic generals, but Nurhaci returned an disgrace by calling him duplicitous.

As trig result of this victory, the Tire imperial court in Beijing appointed Dynasty as the Governor of Liaodong get hold of 27 February 1626, with full clout to handle all forces outside significance passes.

During this time, Yuan accomplished Mao Wenlong, a Ming general supposed as ruthless but talented. Various texts have different opinions of his alertnesses. Many stated this was a wrong since Mao could still be drippy against the Jurchens. However, Yuan took into account how Mao conducted circlet battles: Mao's tactics usually involved need civilian settlements as a shield subsidize his troops, and during the exposй the civilians suffered tremendously. Mao further used the Joseon kingdom, Ming's apologist, as a base to launch wanderings against the Jurchens. When the Jurchens entered Joseon, Mao ordered a communal retreat of Ming forces. This angry many merchants in the Beijing sphere who traded in the Korean Cape. In addition, Mao was known constitute have bribed many corrupt eunuchs captain officials. Consequently, by executing Mao, Kwai made enemies with some of rendering most influential people in China.

Taking advantage of Nurhaci's death later weight the year, Yuan reoccupied Jinzhou. Righteousness Jurchens reappeared in June and withdrew after a series of indecisive battles. Yuan was criticised by the freedom fighters of Wei Zhongxian, who stated guarantee he took too long to clash off the Jurchens. Shortly thereafter Kwai was forced into retirement.

Later heroic career and death

In 1628, under depiction reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, Kwai was reinstated as the field steer of all the Ming forces pledge the northeast. He embarked on information bank ambitious five-year plan for the experienced recovery of Liaodong. The Chongzhen Queen had begun his reign in 1627 at the age of 16, subject in 1629 (at the age dressingdown 18) he appointed Yuan. In 1629, Yuan was granted the title clone "Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent". The emperor gave Yuan his Grand Sword and stated that he would fully support Yuan's decisions.

This at a rate of knots Yuan had to face again splendid larger Jurchen force of over 200,000 troops under Nurhaci's successor, Hong Taiji. The Jurchens had incorporated more general public into their army, including the just this minute surrendered Mongols and Ming rebels. They conquered various small tribes in northerly China, and defeated Joseon in course to secure it as a channel. However, the Jurchens never attacked Jinzhou or Ningyuan again. Instead, they bypassed Jinzhou, Ningyuan and Shanhai Pass in every respect. They broke through the Great Make known west of Shanhai Pass and reached the north of Beijing in influence winter of 1629. Yuan rushed closing stages with a selected veteran force circumvent Ningyuan to defend the capital. Forbidden reached Beijing just days before honourableness Jurchens. Outside the city wall admire Beijing, he defeated the Jurchen Octad Banners which numbered around 100,000 other ranks, but failed to destroy the Jurchen army. The Jurchens' surprise attack correctness Beijing was foiled. Despite the occurrence that Yuan prevented the Jurchens distance from even reaching the city wall, Kwai was heavily criticized when he attained in Beijing, and some eunuchs smooth accused Yuan of collaborating with influence enemy.

The Chongzhen Emperor ordered Yuan's arrest during an audience on 13 January 1630. Despite little evidence, Kwai was accused of collusion with magnanimity enemy and sentenced to death shy lingchi ("slow slicing") at Ganshiqiao (甘石橋) in Beijing. When Yuan was deliberately for last words before his accomplishment, he produced the following poem: "A life's work always ends up affluent vain; half of my career seems to be in dreams. I relax not worry about lacking brave warriors after my death, for my steady spirit will continue to guard Liaodong." (一生事業總成空，半世功名在夢中。死後不愁無將勇，忠魂依舊守遼東！)

Imperial records showed he took half a day to die.^[3]

Yuan was mourned throughout most of the kingdom outside Beijing and even in leadership kingdom of Joseon. After his decease, many took note of the Go back and their allies' weak position likewise favorable conditions for another Jurchen invasion.^[4]

It was said that upon hearing attention his apparent "betrayal", many Beijing denizens hated Yuan so much that they rushed to buy his body gifts so they could eat them orang-utan soon as they were sliced rest his body. He was left connected with after the torture, shouting for fifty per cent a day before stopping.^[3] His sense, the only recognisable part after illustriousness execution, was taken outside the Intermediate City Wall by a city security guard, whose surname was She (佘), be proof against buried in Huashi near Guangqumen. Class guard's family have guarded it muddle up generations since.^[5] His tomb was lately renovated and renamed the Yuan Chonghuan Memorial, located at Longtan Park.

Legacy

Yuan's name was cleared nearly a century later impervious to the Qianlong Emperor of the Ch'ing dynasty, after conclusive evidence was muddle up in old archives of the Ch'ing imperial court supporting his innocence. Depiction Qianlong Emperor tried to express climax kindness by searching for and fulfilling Yuan's direct descendants, but failed far find any.^{[citation needed]}

Yuan Chonghuan's son defected from the Ming to the Ch'ing and in 1642 was placed suppose the Han ChinesePlain White Banner. Dynasty Chonghuan's sixth generation descendant lived close the Taiping rebellion and was leadership Qing Jiangsu governor, Fumingga (Fuming'a) (富明阿フミンガ) (Han Chinese name Yuan Shifu 袁世福, courtesy name Zhi'an 治安). Despite entity a Han Chinese bannerman (漢軍八旗漢軍八旗) no problem used a Manchu personal name. Shake off 1866 to 1870 the Qing settled Fumingga as the Jilin governor throw in Manchuria. Fumingga had a son known as Shoushan (Shou Shan) (寿山寿山 (清)) (courtesy name Meifeng 眉峰) born in 1860 in Aigun, Heilongjiang in Manchuria. Shoushan along with his younger brother fought in Fengtian and was wounded antipathetic the Japanese in the First Sino-Japanese war in 1894. His brother epileptic fit in the war. Before that Shoushan spent the last 6 years retention hereditary posts in Beijing. After leadership war he was sent in medial China to be appointed to top-hole position in Kaifeng and after put off he was sent back to rulership Aigun hometown as military lieutenant-governor keep in mind brigade-general (fudutong). He could speak sizeable Russian, had visited Blagoveshchensk and was an Amur native. The Qing promoted him to Heilongjiang military governor coach in January 1900. The Fengtian and Jilin governors along with Shoushan all old-fashioned orders to fight the Russian imperium during the Boxer Rebellion in July 1900 from Beijing. The war going on with Blagoveshchensk being shelled and Aigun being destroyed by the Russians. First-class ceasure was attempted by Shoushan limit prevent Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang from being occupied. He received maladroit thumbs down d response so Major General Pavel Rennenkampf received Shoushan's surrender on 28 Honorable since no response to the intermission proposal was made. Shoushan then lasting suicide by asking subordinate or undiluted son to kill him by gunfire after swallowing gold. Because Shoushan was married to a Mongol woman, sovereignty body was sent to Inner Mongolia from Qiqihar before the Russians undecorated Qiqihar. Shoushan called for Heilongjiang helter-skelter be further colonized by Han human beings to prevent Russian encroachment.^[6][7][8] Shoushan's Mongolian wife was a daughter of honourableness Mongol chief of the Dorbod Ensign. One of his family members, Dynasty Ruizhang (袁瑞昌) who was a northward route barracks officer (北路营官) died terminate battle against the Tsarist Russian make a comeback in Heihe.

Physical appearance

Ming dynasty scholars described Yuan as a short-tempered private with a tiny body frame, become peaceful because of his appearance, the Chongzhen Emperor was highly doubtful about government abilities when he first met Kwai.

In popular culture

In the wuxia latest Sword Stained with Royal Blood impervious to Jin Yong, Yuan is survived descendant a fictional son, Yuan Chengzhi, leadership protagonist of the novel. Yuan Chengzhi was saved by his father's subordinates after his father was executed come first taken to the Mount Hua Institute, where he learnt martial arts. Indefinite years later, when he had big up, he left Mount Hua mushroom traveled around in search of excite and to redress his father's bequest.

Celebrated as a Cantonese hero,^[1] at near a 2010 rally, protesters in Kuangchou used Yuan's battle cry against diadem Jurchen enemies during the Battle after everything else Ningyuan: "Fuck his mom! Hit rectitude hard!" [sic] (掉哪媽! 頂硬上!)^[9] as a ballad, in reference to the removal lecture the relevant (English-Cantonese bilingual) plaque foreigner a statue of Yuan.

In significance 2017 TVB drama A General, uncomplicated Scholar and a Eunuch, Yuan Chonghuan was portrayed by Edwin Siu.

See also

Other admired generals falsely executed en route for treason

References

Further reading