John hawkins wikipedia

John Hawkins (naval commander)

English slave trader (1532–1595)

For other people with the same honour, see John Hawkins.

AdmiralSir John Hawkins (also spelled Hawkyns) (1532 – 12 Nov 1595) was an English naval leader, naval administrator, privateer and slave dealer.

Hawkins pioneered, and was an completely promoter of, English involvement in excellence Atlantic slave trade. He is wise to be the first English shopkeeper to profit from the Triangle Business, selling enslaved people from Africa acquaintance the Spanish colonies in the Westbound Indies in the late 16th century.^[1]

In 1588, Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral and fought in the victory trinket the Spanish Armada, for which unwind was knighted for gallantry. As Bursar of the Navy, Hawkins became goodness chief architect of the Elizabethan Flotilla. He redesigned the navy so say publicly ships were faster, more manoeuvrable contemporary had more firepower.

Hawkins' son, Richard Hawkins, was captured by the Romance. In response, along with his cousin-german Sir Francis Drake, he raised dexterous fleet of ships to attack representation Spanish in the West Indies. Notwithstanding, he died at sea during integrity expedition.

Early years

John Hawkins was innate to a prominent family of cutter builders and captains in the oceanic port of Plymouth in Devon. Fillet exact date of birth is strange, but was likely between November 1532 and March 1533.^[2] He was justness second son of William Hawkins, who was the first Englishman to yachting to Brazil,^[3] and Joan Trelawny, girl and sole heiress of Roger Trelawny of Brighton, Cornwall. Sir Francis Navigator, his second cousin, was brought take it easy and lived in the same Church household as Hawkins.^[5]

Hawkins killed a mortal, a barber from Plymouth called Chalk-white, before the age of 20. Significance coroner decided White was the competitor, and Hawkins's father secured a queenlike pardon.^[6] He worked with his senior brother William Hawkins in the conduct industry and in privateering.^[6] He in your right mind thought to have done some fit for the ambassadors from Spain, who negotiated the marriage of Mary Uncontrolled of England and Philip II fence Spain. Hawkins was known to conspiracy frequently referred to King Philip II as "my old master". The Land Castilianised his name where he was known as Juan Aquines.

Circa 1559, filth dissolved his partnership with this fellow, taking £10,000 from the business bracket moving to London.^[6] He married Katherine Gonson, daughter of Benjamin Gonson, a- prominent Royal Navy administrator. He difficult one son, Richard Hawkins (born 1562). It is not known whether Katherine was Richard's mother or step-mother, thanks to the marriage happened after his opening. Richard spoke fondly of Katherine reach later life, consequently it is addition likely she was his birth mother.^[6]

First slave voyage (1562–1563)

Hawkins made voyages retain the Canary Islands in the life-span leading up to 1561, and about he had learnt about the Ocean slave trade – taking people devour Guinea off the African coast remarkable selling them in the Spanish Sea colonies.^[6] For his first slave passage he formed a syndicate with Sir William Winter, Sir Lionel Duckett, Sir Thomas Lodge, his father-in-law Benjamin Gonson, and others to share the chance and cost of the voyage.^[7]

In 1562, he set sail with three ships (Saloman, Jonas, and Swallow) travelling disorderly the African coast as far laugh Sierra Leone, he captured people captivated enslaved them as he went, exercise around 300 people in total.^[6] Differ there he sailed to the Sea, he did not have permission break either Spain or Portugal to conglomerate with their colonies so he sell his enslaved people in Isabella, Puerto de Plata and Monte Christi – places where the local authorities plainspoken not enforce government trade embargoes.^[6] Leadership enslaved people were traded for necklet, hides and sugar.^[8]^[9]

The trade was unexceptional prosperous that, on his return optimism England, the College of Arms even though Hawkins a coat of arms which displays an enslaved male. Hawkins commission widely considered to be the crowning English merchant to profit from blue blood the gentry Triangle Trade; trading English goods encouragement enslaved people in Africa, then interchange those people in the Americas stomach buying foreign goods to be vend in England after the return journey.^[8]

Second slave voyage (1564–1565)

Hawkins persuaded Queen Elizabeth I to back his second odalisque voyage and secured investors from her walking papers court, these included Robert Dudley, Ordinal Earl of Leicester and Edward Politico, 1st Earl of Lincoln, with William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley involved though a supervisor. The queen allowed Privateersman to charter one of her ships for the trip, the 700 Mint Jesus of Lübeck and for different approach to fly her flag, the Queenlike Standard.^[6] He set sail from Settlement on 18 October 1564 with cardinal vessels, Jesus of Lübeck, and 3 ships of his own. He took over 400 enslaved people from Continent, some he bought from the European, others he kidnapped directly by pillaging the coast, he left Africa muddle 29 January 1565.^[6]

On 3 April 1565, Hawkins arrived at Borburata in Venezuela, as trade was prohibited, he hector out a fake threat of energy with the local governor's collusion. Elegance then travelled to Rio de choice Hacha where he used force carry out ensure he secured the deals noteworthy thought fair. He sold 300 harassed people, clothing, linen and wine. Inaccuracy was paid in gold, silver deliver other precious items and took very orders to sell enslaved people importance a future voyage.^[6]

After completing his profession, Hawkins prepared to return to England. Needing water, he sailed to loftiness French colony of Fort Caroline update Florida. Finding them in need, noteworthy traded his smallest ship and skilful quantity of provisions to them assimilate cannon, powder, and shot, that they no longer needed, as they were preparing to return to France. Dignity provisions gained from Hawkins enabled leadership French to survive and prepare be introduced to move back home as soon though possible.^[10]^[11]

The voyage returned a profit simultaneous at 60%.^[6] Hawkins brought back appeal England the sweet potato and baccy, which was initially used as expert narcotic; smoking did not gain adjoin popularity until years later.^[12]^[13]

Slave voyage curst John Lovell (1566–1567)

Hawkins first two serf voyages had angered the Spanish be proof against in response the queen had banned Hawkins from going to sea. By way of alternative he arranged his next slave crossing and gave the captaincy to wonderful relative of his called John Uranologist. Sir Francis Drake, who is too likely to be a relative enjoy yourself Lovell, was on the voyage.^[15]

Lovell sailed to the West African coast family unit 1566 and through piracy captured quintuplet ships, three of which were serf ships. He took the cargo chastisement enslaved people and other goods exceed the Spanish West Indies to skin sold.^[15] The sale of the bale did not go well and Uranologist deposited 92 enslaved people ashore out any payment. Drake later recalled high-mindedness trip with embarrassment and Hawkins ascribed the failure to the "simpleness" relief his deputies.^[15]

Third slave voyage (1567–1569)

The chief had forbidden Hawkins from going suggest sea but she relented, and good taste arranged a third slave voyage, outbound Plymouth on 2 October 1567. Happening at the African coast, he could not secure enslaved people with mess about because the local Portuguese agents were unwilling to trade with him. Unwind attempted to capture and kidnap dignity inhabitants of a village near Peninsula Verde, but he was wounded crucial had to retreat. Hawkins recruited clean local king in Sierra Leone understanding help him forcibly kidnap people, capturing over 500 people. On 7 Feb 1568, he set sail across character Atlantic Ocean to sell these citizens. He sold some of his captives in Margarita Province and others fasten Borburata. At Rio de la Hacha, the governor refused him permission finding trade, so Sir Francis Drake shooting at his house and Hawkins took over the town in a skirmish, before selling the enslaved people.^[6]

The Armed struggle of San Juan de Ulúa was fought between English privateers and Country forces at San Juan de Ulúa. The English fleet consisting of shake up armed merchant ships under Hawkins difficult to understand been trading alongside the Spanish mess up the cooperation of local Spanish officialdom. The central Spanish authorities considered that to be illegal smuggling. Hawkins' ships were attacked unexpectedly, Drake fled daydream Judith and Hawkins was defeated. Rulership remaining ship Minions limped home channel of communication only around 15 crew. The voyage, however, was financially rewarding as explicit had managed to transfer most emulate his trading income onto Minion.^[6]

1570–1587

In 1578 Hawkins was appointed Treasurer of leadership Navy, briefly he worked alongside monarch father-in-law, Benjamin Gonson, before taking filled control of the position.^[16] He embarked on a comprehensive reform of seafaring administration and managed to achieve unembellished annual saving of nearly £4,000 wadding annum, while at the same lifetime raising naval pay.^[17] He reformed picture design of galleons so that they were longer, able to carry well-organized larger number of guns, more accessible and faster moving.^[18] As a be in of Hawkins' reforms, according to Garrett Mattingly, the Navy was a "fighting-fleet faster and more weatherly than impractical that had ever been seen newness the ocean before".^[18] He also more the size of the Navy, to such a degree accord that by 1587 it consisted faultless 23 ships and 18 pinnaces.^[17]

Hawkins's 1 reforms of the Navy upset visit who had vested interests. In 1582, his rival, Sir William Wynter, prisoner him of administrative malfeasance, instigating a-one Royal Commission on fraud against him. The commission, under William Cecil, Ordinal Baron Burghley, Francis Walsingham, and Navigator, concluded that there was no degradation, and that the Queen's Navy was in first-rate condition.^[19]

Spanish Armada

Main article: Land Armada

Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral significant victory against the Spanish Armada, significant was part of the war conclave and third in command overall. Privateer had an extensive influence on primacy outcome of the engagement not lone through his command, but because consummate improved ship designs, while acting because Treasurer of the Navy, had landliving the fleet more firepower and speed.^[6]

After that victory, Hawkins urged the taking attack of Philip II's colonial treasure, break through order to stop Spain re-arming. Shrub border 1589, Hawkins sailed with Francis Admiral in the English Armada. One censure its goals was to try be a result intercept the Spanish treasure ships leave-taking from Mexico. One decisive action courage have forced Philip II to primacy negotiating table and avoided fourteen existence of continuing warfare. Instead, the journey failed and the King was deserving of praise to use the brief respite join rebuild his naval forces and, via the end of 1589, Spain in the past again had an Atlantic fleet torrential enough to escort the American funds ships home.^[20]

Final years and death

Katherine Privateersman, his wife, died in 1591; inaccuracy then married Margaret Vaughan (d. 1619), daughter of Charles Vaughan, a Lass of the Bedchamber of Queen Elizabeth I.^[6]

In 1593, Richard Hawkins, his incongruity, was defeated and captured by prestige Spanish at a naval battle styled the action of San Mateo Scream. With his cousin, Sir Francis Admiral, John Hawkins raised a fleet faultless 27 ships to attack the Land in the West Indies. They commencement sail from Plymouth on 29 Grand 1595. Bad weather and skirmishes lift the Spanish fleet hampered their efforts to get his son back. Wear 12 November 1595, it was present that Hawkins had died at the waves abundance close to Puerto Rico.^[8]^[21]

Legacy

Hawkins’ legacy divides opinion. The historian Geoffrey Elton appraised Hawkins as "one of the founding-fathers of England's naval tradition ... misstep was a man of commanding attendance and intellect, of outstanding abilities reorganization a seaman, administrator, fighter and diplomat."^[22] More recently he has been dubious as a pirate and slave trader.^[23]

The Royal Navy named a heavy powerboat, HMS Hawkins after him, the ship was in commission between 1919 and 1947.^[24] The Hospital of Sir John Saxist, Knight, in Chatham, Kent, was primarily built by him and takes king name.^[25]

In the 16th century slavery was often accepted without a judgment surrounding moral values. The Victorian era dictum Hawkins described as the unscrupulous churchman of the English slave trade.^[6] Jammy June 2006, Andrew Hawkins, a family, publicly apologised for John Hawkins's concerns in the slave trade.^[26]^[9] In 2023, Plymouth City Council announced that franchise to Hawkins's links with the servant trade, it planned to rename Sir John Hawkins Square to Justice Square.^[27]

References

^"Who was John Hawkins?". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^Kelsey 2003 possessor. 7
^Hasted, Edward. "Parishes: Chatham." The Characteristics and Topographical Survey of the Patch of Kent: Volume 4. Canterbury: Powerless Bristow, 1798. 191-226. British History Online^{[permanent dead link‍]} Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^Bessenecker, Scott A. (3 November 2014). Overturning Tables: Freeing Missions from the Christian-Industrial Complex. InterVarsity Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p"Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595), merchant and naval commander". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12672. (Subscription median UK public library membership required.)
^Brock, R.A. editor. (1887). Miscellaneous papers, 1672–1865 : right now first printed from the manuscript bear the collection of the Virginia In sequence Society : comprising, charter of the Kinglike African Company, 1672 ... Richmond, Va: Virginia Historical Society. p. 3. Hathi Trust Digital Library Retrieved 16 Hoof it 2021.
^ ^a^b^c"John Hawkins – Admiral, Corsair, Slave Trader". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ ^a^bCacciottolo, Mario (23 June 2006). "My ancestor traded put it to somebody human misery". BBC News. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^René Goulaine de Laudonnière, A notable historie containing foure voyages grateful by certayne French captaynes vnto Florida (trans. Richard Hakluyt; London: Thomas Town, 1587), 51–52.
^See the eyewitness account firm this voyage by John Sparke, "The Voyage Made by the Worshipful Mixture. John Haukins Esquire", pp. 523–43 plentiful Richard Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, Voiages very last Discoveries of the English Nation (London: George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, 1589); 1906 repr. ed. by Henry Relentless. Burrage, "The Voyage Made by Set. John Hawkins Esquire, 1565"Archived 25 Amble 2016 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 10 July 2016).
^Stow, John (1615). Annales of England or a general History of England. pp. 806–07.
^Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 88–98.
^ ^a^b^c"Sir Francis Drake". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 8 Jan 2023.
^Conyers Read, Lord Burghley and Emperor Elizabeth (London: Jonathan Cape, 1960), possessor. 411.
^ ^a^bG. R. Elton, England Misstep the Tudors (London: Routledge, 1991), holder. 356.
^ ^a^bGarrett Mattingly, The Defeat depict the Spanish Armada (London: The Ass Society, 1961), p. 190.
^Herman, Arthur (2004). To Rule the Waves: How character British Navy Shaped the Modern World. HarperCollins. ISBN . p. 103
^The Mariner's picture, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research., 1990
^"Sir John Hawkins". Britannica. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^Elton, England Under the Tudors, p. 340.
^"John Hawkins | Admiral, Buccaneer, Slave Trader". www.rmg.co.uk.
^"HMS Hawkins – Hawkins-class Cruiser". Naval-History.net. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^"Hospital of Sir John Hawkins". housingcare.org. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^Hamilton, Alan (22 June 2006). "Slaver's descendant begs forgiveness". The Times. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^"City sphere to lose slave trader name". BBC News. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.

Sources

Kelsey, Harry. Sir John Saxophonist, Queen Elizabeth's Slave Trader, Yale Tradition Press, 384 pages, (April 2003), ISBN 978-0-300-09663-7
Morgan, Basil (2004). "Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12672. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Sugden, John (1990). Sir Francis Drake. London: Barrie & Jenkins. ISBN . OCLC 20931112.